禾谷类作物是最重要的粮食作物，为人类提供了必需的营养物质，淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质作为谷物的主要营养素，其含量是培育健康谷物的关键。为给育种研究中有效提升禾谷类籽实的营养品质及谷物的有效利用提供参考，并为培育更具全面营养的谷物提供理论依据，从饮食源头上为人类健康保驾护航。本文基于近年来相关文献资料的梳理归纳，对几种主要的禾谷类作物小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻和玉米中的几种主要营养素含量进行比较分析，对影响这些营养物质含量和品质的遗传因素进行分析总结，认为小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻、玉米等禾谷类籽实所含的各类营养物质有较大差异，不同物种遗传背景的差异是导致不同禾谷类籽实营养物质差异的根本原因，而在进化过程中基因突变的平行性又是导致禾谷类籽实中相同营养元素被同类基因编码调控的直接原因。

Cereal crops are the most important food crops, providing humans with essential nutrients such as starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals, the nutrient contents are of great importance in the breeding program of cereals. To provide reference for the effective improvement on nutritional quality of cereal grains and the effective utilization of cereal grains in the breeding program, and to provide theoretical basis for cultivating comprehensive and nutritious grains so as to safeguard human health from the source of diet, this paper compares and analyzes the contents of several major nutrients in major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oat, rice, and maize, analyzes and summarizes the genetic factors affecting the content and quality of these nutrients. We believe that significant differences are existed in the various nutrients contained in cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rice, and maize. The difference in genetic background among different species is the fundamental reason for the differences in nutrients in various cereal grains, and the parallelism of gene mutations during the evolution is regarded as the direct reason why the same nutrients in cereal grains are encoded and regulated by the same gene.

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国家自然科学基金(31960424)；内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费(BR231519)；饲用作物及有益微生物种质资源创新与分子育种团队(TD202103)资助。